Moving target indicator for radioobject location systems



m mm y me we M .n iillllj ma 9; lllwllx O R R w R af m mm R fn Y R Fh wclvml w FF V u Pu an m n u. w M O., K v. 9 m M .l 2 Y WL 2, m R m T wm s N w FM me. M m w L CP F M n C w. ilxllllL m w T C 6 E 4 N w w m www E mu E I HT u o 9 H n .mcA .N. U m 1 m u ,wma Lnm A D l BR C W R w Jzm WM A F PO |I|||| l El M F 7 J Mw,... G. F ,w vmwm R l O .l w m @am 8 m M 4 RA 3 I M X 3 m C.. wn G Nm M .w H T .www G m m MMM/w 1 W 2\Mm SG 8, n 1 y a M Patented May 18, 1954 UNITED STAT tfiNT DFFICE MGi/'ENG TARGET INDICATOR FOR RADIO- OBJEC'E LGCATION SYSTEMS Application February 19, 1946, Serial No. 648,807

(Granted under 'llitle 35, U. S. Code (1952),

sec. 266) 6 Glaims.

The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes, Without the payment to me of any royalty thereon.

My invention relates to signal indicators, and particularly to a novel indicator for distinguishing between signals of iixed and varying amplitudes. Although not restricted thereto, my invention is particularly suitable for use as `an indicator in pulse-echo, object-locating systems to distinguish between fixed and moving targets.

By mixing the received echoes of a transmitted pulse with the output of a stable oscillator which provides a reference signal of constant frequency and coherent in phase with the oscillations of the radiated wave trains, the resultant detected output will be of constant amplitude and polarity for fixed targets, while for moving targets the resultant output will be continuously changing in amplitude and polarity.

Prior methods of displaying such signals involve the use of an oscilloscope in which a time base is provided by horizontally deflecting the cathoderay trace in timed relation with the transmission of each pulse. Received echoes are used to vertically deflect the trace to provide vertical pips of a height proportional to the amplitude of the echoes. Therefore, the height of the pips is constant for fixed targets, and continuously varies above and below the base line for moving targets. This method of indication is unsatisfactory where a plurality of echoes from moving targets are received, because it is diiiicult for the operator to distinguish between systematic variations, which are due to movement of the target, from random Y variations due to other causes. Moreover, if the rate of amplitude variation exceeds the persistence of vision factor, the signal pip appears of constant height even for varying signals.

lt is a principal object of my invention to provide a novel oscilloscope display for signals of the type above discussed.

It is a further object of my invention to provide an oscilloscope display for signals of fixed and varying amplitude in which -a substantially steady, characteristic indication is provided for both types of signals, thereby facilitating observation and interpretation of the signals `and resulting in less fatigue to the operator.

mother object of invention is to provide an oscilloscope display which makes possible the dif-- ferentiation between signals oi constant and varying amplitude, even if the rate of variation oi the latter is above the persistence of vision factor.

For a better understanding of the invention,

2 together with other and further objects thereof, reference is had to the following description taken in connection with the single gure of the accompanying drawing, which shows a block diagram of the invention.

In the drawing, there is shown a preferred emsediment of my invention comprising a radio pulse transmitter It which is periodically keyed under the control of a relatively-low frequency, sine wave, synchronizing oscillator i usually operating in the audio frequency region. The output of oscillator lil is applied to a pulse keyer I2 which, at each cycle from oscillator I6, generates sharp pulses of short duration spaced at intervals of considerably longer duration. The pulses from keyer i2 intermittently render operative the normally-blocked, radio transmitter I4 which generates spaced, radio-frequency wave trains of a duration substantially equal to that of said pulses, generally from 1 30 microseconds. As is well known, the pulse intervals are dependent upon the maximum target ranges to be measured.

The output of the transmitter is radiated by an antenna it, which is usually a unidirectional array providing a movable directional radiation pattern Gil. Echoes are also received on said antenna and. impressed upon the receiver. Both the transmitter and receiver are coupled to the antenna through a duplexer i6 which couples the antenna to the transmitter and decouples it from the receiver during pulse transmission, and couples the antenna to the receiver and decouples it from the transmitter during reception. rllhe receiver is preferably of the superheterodyne type and includes a radio frequency amplier 2li, a local oscillator 22, a mixer 2t, an intermediate frequency amplier 26, a second detector Sli, and a video amplifier 32. In the detector 343, the intermediate frequency output of amplifier 26 is mixed with the output of a coherent oscillator 23 which is stable in frequency and may be tuned eX- actly to the intermediate frequency. Alternatively, oscillator 23 may be slightly detuned from the intermediate frequency, provided that it supplies a wave of constant reference phase with respect to the intermediate-frequency wave trains, If the echoes arrive from a fixed target, the frequency, and hence the phase, thereof will be constant, and the resultant of these echo waves mixed with the output of oscillator 26 will be of relatively fixed amplitude. On the other hand, when the echoes are received from a moving target, the received waves will be characterized by a progressive change in phase with respect to the transmitted signal, which is equivalent to a frequency shift. This phenomenon is the well known Doppler eifect.

This signal of changing phase, when mixed with the constant reference phase of coherent oscillator 28, yields in the output of detector 3l] a demodulated pulse signal which continuously changes in amplitude and polarity and exhibits a sinusoidal variation in amplitude, i. e., an amplitude modulation, of a frequency depending upon the radial velocity of the moving target. This signal is then amplined by video amplifier 32 and applied to the intensity grid of an oscilloscope tube 34, only the screen of which is represented in the drawing. Preferably, said screen is of the high-persistence type. An incoming signal will brighten or darken the cathode-ray beam depending upon its intensity and polarity.

Synchronizing oscillator I l] also controls a Sawtooth sweep generator 36. At every cycle of output of oscillator i 0, and hence every time a pulse from transmitter is radiated, generator 35 provides a sawtooth wave which is applied to the horizontal deiiecting plates of oscilloscope tube 34 t provide a time base.

As thus far described, the transmitted pulses and the echoes thereof will appear in the receiver output and vary the beam intensity to cause a dot or line of great or lesser brightness to -appear on the screen, the separation between the dots due to the transmitted pulses and the dots due to the echoes depending, as is will known, upon the slant range of the target. The transmitted signals and echoes from fixed targets will produce dots of constant brightness. Echoes from moving targets will produce dots of continuously changing brightness.

To make the display of the dots of continuously changing brightness more evident, the entire time base, in this case the horizontal trace, is relatively slowly moved along another axis, in this case in the vertical direction. This is done by applying to the vertical deflection plates of the oscilloscope the output of a low frequency, sawtooth wave generator 3S, preferably having a control 4G to vary its frequency.

Vertical movement of the time base will cause the signal dots to trace Vertical lines on the screen. As a result, the transmitted signal and xed echoes signals will generate lines of uniform brightness, as shown respectively at ft2 and 44. Echoes from moving targets will, due to their continuously changing amplitude, generate lines which Vary in brightness along the length thereof, so that they have a dotted or beaded appearance, as roughly indicated by dotted lines liti. some cases, to be discussed below, the line indications will be composed of slanting striations simulating a herringbone pattern. The difference between fixed and moving echo indications is striking, thus facilitating recognition and thereby making it possible to keep track of all signals with a minimum of fatigue.

The eiective speed of the vertical sweep should preferably be slow, and may be unsynchronized, relative to the horizontal sweep. Preferably, the period of said vertical sweep, which of course depends upon the period of the slow-sweep generator 33 is from two to fifty times the period of the Doppler modulation characteristic of the moving echoes. Substantially the same eiect can be obtained by a vertical sweep frequency which is equal to the pulse repetition frequency, or a multiple thereof, plus or minus a low freeffective vertical sweep frequency desired,

In general, the appearance of the oscilloscope indication for a Doppler modulation frequency Fm will be the same as the appearance for a frequency Fm plus NFp; where Fp is the pulse repetition frequency, and N is any integer. Moving targets will be distinguishable so long as Fm is not equal to Nllp. in the region where Fm is approximately equal to KFp/Z, where K is any odd integer, the distinction between xed and moving targets will be good if the effective vertical sweep rate is such that the separation between successive pulse indications are distinguishable on the screen.

For best results the reference phase of the initial oscillation of each wave train generated by transmitter lll should be held constant with respect to the oscillations of local oscillator 22 and coherent oscillator Z8. This can be accomplished by stabilizing the frequencies of these oscillators by any of the methods known in the art. One eminently satisfactory method of doing this is to make the'frequencies of these oscillators harmonically related to each other and by using selected harmonics of a single crystal oscillator as the local oscillation frequency applied to mixer 2li, as the coherent oscillation frequency applied to second detector 30, and as a frequency-stabilizing signal to be injected into a tuned circuit of the oscillator in transmitter 14.

It is, however, not absolutely essential that the 'resonant frequency of the coherent oscillator 28 be exactly tuned to the intermediate frequency nor the radio frequency, as .the case may be, provided that the difference between the phase angle `of the initial cycle of the transmitted voltage wave train at any time T1, measured from time of initiation of any transmitted pulse, and the phase angle of the coherent oscillations at any time T2, measured from the same index, is always constant. Under these conditions, if the resonant frequency of the coherent oscillations is made slightly diiferent from the frequency of the ulse oscillations, it is possible, by means of the novel indicator described herein, to determine whether the target is receding or advancing. rUnder the above conditions, the Vertical lines on the oscilloscope screen will be composed of Vslanted striations, the slant being in one direction, as shown at 48, when the target is receding, and in the opposite direction, as shown at 50, when the target is advancing.

It will be understood that the usual means will be provided for adjusting the electrode potentials of the oscilloscope tube 34 and for blanking the Yreturn traces of the cathode-ray beam.

From the above description it will be appreciated that my invention provides a novel indicator for differentiating between pulse signals of xed and varying amplitude, or any other varying characteristic which can be converted into a varying amplitude characteristic, and is particularly suitable for use with an object-detection system incorporating a coherent oscillator for detecting the Doppler modulation characteristic of the echoes from a moving target. This is done by utilizing three dimensions which control the display on an ordinary cathode-ray tube. One dimension is used for the time base (or range sweep), another dimension is the beam intensity which is controlled by the receiver output, and the third dimension is the continuous displacement of the time base along a different axis to facilitate observation of the Doppler modulation.

The term echo as used herein is not to be restricted to signals which are reected or passively'reradiated by a body. This term is also used to signify any lautomatic response tofa sig-`r Ward said body, automatically functions 'to sendl anr answeringv pulse,` either `on the same frequency as said transmitted pulse or on a different frequency.

While there Ahas been k"described what is `at presentA considereda preferred/embodiment of' the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the invention, and it is aimed in the appended claims to cover all such changes and modifications as fall Within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

I claim:

l. In combination with a radio puise-echo system having an antenna providing a movable directional radiation pattern and wherein echoes from a iixed target provide successive pulses of constant amplitude, and echoes from a moving target provide successive pulses of varying amplitude; means for indicating said targets comprising a cathode ray tube, means responsive to said pulses for controlling the beam intensity in said tube, a first periodic means for deecting said beam along a rst plane to provide a time base, and a second periodic means unsynchronized with the movement of said directional pattern for defiecting said beam along a second plane which is angular-ly disposed with respect to said first plane at a slower speed than the denection of said beam along said first plane, the period of said second periodic means being considerably greater than that of said rst periodic means.

2. In combination with a radio pulse-echo system having an antenna providing a movable directional radiation pattern and in which discrete radio pulses having a predetermined repetition period are radiated, and wherein echoes from a xed target provide pulses of constant amplitude, and echoes from a moving target provide pulses characterized by an amplitude variation having a period dependent upon the radial velocity of said moving target; means for indicating said targets comprising a cathode ray tube, means responsive to said pulses for controlling the beam intensity in said tube, a rst periodic means for deflecting said beam horizontally in timed relation with the radiation of each of said pulses, and a second periodic means unsynchronized with the movement of said directional pattern for deecting said beam vertically at a slower speed than the horizontal deection of said beam, the period of said second periodic means being considerably greater than that of said rst periodic means.

3. .in combination with a radio pulse-echo system having an antenna providing a movable directional radiation pattern and in which discrete radio pulses having a predetermined repetition period are radiated, and wherein echoes from a iixed target provide pulses of constant amplitude, and echoes from a moving target provide pulses characterized by an amplitude modulation having a period dependent upon the radial velocity of said moving target; means for indicating said targets comprising a cathode ray tube, means responsive to said pulses for con'- trolling the beam intensity in said tube, a first periodic means for deecting said beam horizon- Cil tallyL lintimed relation with the--radiationlcf `eachfof said pulses, and a secondperio'dic means un-A` synchronized with the vmovement of saidpattern for defiecting said beamvertically-at a slower speed than the horizontal deflection of said beam, the period of said second periodic rmea-ns. being considerably-greater than that ofsaid-rst periodic means.

4. In a pulse-echo, object-detection system 1'having means for intermittently radiating energy and means for receiving echoes thereof from targets,.said receiving means including means, for converting echoes from iixed.- targets into pulses of constant amplitude and for converting echoes from moving targets into pulses of varying amplitude: the combination therewith of means for indicating said pulses, said indicating means comprising a screen, means for projecting an indicating beam on said screen, means controlled by said pulses for varying the intensity of said beam as a function of the amplitude of said pulses, means for deiiecting said beam along one coordinate of said screen in synchrcnism with recurrence frequency of said pulses, and means including a sweep generator for periodically deflecting said beam along a second coordinate of said screen at a slower speed than the deflection oi said beam along said one coordinate, and at a frequency which is low compared to said recurrence frequency, the extent of said deiiection along said second coordinate being unrelated to the direction of arrival of said echoes.

5. in a coherent pulse-echo system having means for intermittently radiating energy and means for receiving echoes thereof from targets, said receiving means including means for converting echoes from xed targets into pulses of constant amplitude, and for converting echoes from moving targets into pulses of Varying amplitude: the combination therewith oi means for indicating said pulses, said indicating means comprising cathode ray tube indicator having a fluorescent screen, means for projecting a cathode ray beam on said screen, means controlled by said pulses for varying the intensity of said beam as a function of the amplitude of said pulses, means for deflecting said beam along one coordinate of said screen in synchronism with recurrence frequency of said pulses, and means including a sweep generator for periodically deiiecting said beam along a second coordinate of said screen at a slower speed than said deflection along said one coordinate, and at a frequency which is low compared to said recurrence frequency, the extent of said defiection along said second coordinate being independent of the direction of arrival of said echoes.

6. in a coherent pulse-echo system having means for intermittently radiating, directional means for receiving echoes of said energy from targets, and adjusting means for varying the effective direction of said directional means, said receiving means including means for converting echoes from iixed targets into pulses of constant amplitude, and for converting echoes from moving targets into pulses of varying amplitude: the combination therewith of means for indicating said pulses, said indicating means comprising a cathode ray tube indicator having a uorescent screen, means for projecting a cathode ray beam on said screen, means controlled by said pulses for varying the intensity of said beam as a function of the amplitude of said pulses, means for deiecting said beam along one coordinate of said screen in synchronisrn with recurrence frequency of said pulses, and means including a sweep generator independent'l of said adjusting means for periodically deecting said beam along a second coordinate of said screen which is perpendicular to said one coordinate at a slower speed than said deection along said one coordinate, and at a frequency which is low cornpa-red to said repetition frequency.

References Cited in the le o this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Number 8 Name Date Wolff July 9, 1948 Blumlein et al Aug. 27, 1946 Doba Aug. 27, 1946 Eaton Oct. 8, 1946 Schade Dec. 10, 1946 Bryant June 17, 1947 Norgaard Mar. 22, 1949 Becker July 11, 1950 Dicke Dec. 26, 1950 Espenched et al. Jan. 8, 1952 

